1	An Examination of Bipartisanship in the United States Congress on Environmental Policy: The Superfund Program & The Clean Air Act – 1980-1990
2	Introduction “All politics is local” U.S. Congressman Tipp O’Neill (D-Massachusetts) “Environmental protection and economic growth are not mutually exclusive” U.S. Senator Joseph Lieberman (D-Connecticut)
3	Introduction – Continued 1970’s – ‘Environmental Decade’ Quantitative Assessment of the Degree of Bipartisanship Within Congress for the Superfund Program (1980) and Clean Air Amendments (1990)
4	Background Legislative Measures in Place National Environmental Protection Act (1969) Clean Air Act (1970) – Amended in 1977 Clean Water Act (1972) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1970)
5	Objectives Quantitative Comparison of the Political Climate that Spawned the Superfund in 1980 to the Clean Air Amendments in 1990 Quantitative Assessment of the Degree of Bipartisanship Within Congress, Driven by Parochial Interests Examination of Two Similar Congressional Districts With Different Representation (Democrat and Republican) to Assess Parochial Interests
6	Methods/Materials Examination of Roll Call Votes of the United States House of Representatives and Senate (Ninety-Sixth and One-Hundred and First Congress) Assessment of Related Congressional Districts Represented by Members of Opposing Political Parties (Democrats and Republicans)
7	Methods/Materials – Continued Analysis of Ratings Administered by the Nonpartisan League of Conservation Voters to Assess Bipartisanship Examination of Overall Political Contributions by Environmental Interested Political Action Committee’s
8	The 1980’s: The Superfund Program (Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act – CERCLA) Enacted on December 11^th, 1980 – Provides Authority to Respond to Releases of Hazardous Wastes and for the Cleanup of Subsequent Sites Introduced and Sponsored by Congressman James Joseph Florio (D-New Jersey)
9	Results of Assessment – Superfund Program House of Representatives: 63% of the 435 Members Voted in Favor of the Superfund Program Roll Call Votes by Party Affiliation: 196 Democrats and 78 Republican Yea Votes 39 Democrats and 55 Republican Nay Votes
10	Results of Assessment – Superfund Program – Continued
11	Results of Assessment – Superfund Program – Continued Case Study One: Pennsylvania Republicans Fifteenth Congressional District: Congressman Don Ritter (R) Southeastern Pennsylvania – Lehigh and Northampton Counties Urban and Suburban District Fifth Congressional District: Congressman Dick Schulze (R) Central Pennsylvania – Tioga, Potter, and Elk Counties Rural District
12	Results of Assessment – Superfund Program – Continued
13	Results of Assessment – Superfund Program – Continued Case Study Two: Democratic District vs. Republican District Pennsylvania Fifteenth Congressional District: Congressman Don Ritter (Republican) City of Allentown Population: 103,758 Industries: Mack Trucks, Western Electric (now Lucent Technologies), and Bethlehem Steel Connecticut Third Congressional District: Congressman Robert N. Giaimo (Democrat) City of New Haven Population: 126,089 Industry: Sikorsky Aircraft
14	Results of Assessment – Superfund Program – Continued
15	1990: The Clean Air Amendments Enacted on November 15^th, 1990 – Provides for the Attainment and Maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards as well as Subsequent Improvements Introduced and Sponsored by Senator Max Baucus (D-Montana) and Congressman John D. Dingell (D-Michigan)
16	Results of Assessment – Clean Air Amendments House of Representatives: 92% of the 435 Members Voted for the Clean Air Amendments Roll Call Votes by Party Affiliation: 247 Democrats and 154 Republican Yea Votes 5 Democrats and 16 Republican Nay Votes
17	Results of Assessment – Clean Air Amendments – Continued
18	Results of Assessment – Clean Air Amendments – Continued Senate: 89% of the 100 Members of the Senate Voted for the Clean Air Amendments Roll Call Votes by Party Affiliation: 50 Democrats and 39 Republican Yea Votes 5 Democrats and 5 Republican Nay Votes
19	Results of Assessment – Clean Air Amendments – Continued
20	Results of Assessment – Clean Air Amendments – Continued Individual Member Yea Votes Case Study: League of Conservation Voters Yearly Ratings: Ratings of Three Senators From Varying States and Political Parties: Senator Pete V. Domenici (R-New Mexico) Senator Frank H. Murkowski (R-Alaska) Senator Daniel P. Moynihan (D-New York) Ratings Based on Scale of 1% to 100%; 100% Being the Best Score a Member of Congress can Receive
21	Results of Assessment – Clean Air Amendments – Continued U.S. Senator Pete V. Domenici (R-New Mexico) 13% LCV Rating – Yea Vote -- Image courtesy of: http://bioguide.congress.gov/bioguide/photo/D/D000407.jpg U.S. Senator Frank H. Murkowski (R-Alaska) 20% LCV Rating – Yea Vote -- Image courtesy of: http://bioguide.congress.gov/bioguide/photo/M/M001085.jpg U.S. Senator Daniel P. Moynihan (D-New York) 93% LCV Rating – Yea Vote -- Image courtesy of: http://bioguide.congress.gov/bioguide/photo/M/M001054.jpg
22	Results of Assessment – Clean Air Amendments – Continued Parochial Interests Case Study: -- U.S. Senator Robert Byrd (D-West Virginia) West Virginia Economy: Surface Mining Coal Mining United Mine Workers
23	Results of Assessment – Clean Air Amendments – Continued Special Interests and Political Action Committee’s (PACs) Case Study: Estimated 154 PACs With a Stake in the Clean Air Amendments: Sierra Club, American Lung Association, United Steel Workers, United Mine Workers, and National Wildlife Federation Five Percent of All Money Raised by Members of Congress in 1989 (A Non-Election Year) Came From Those With an Interest in Securing the Bill’s Passage Approximately $14,570 Per Member
24	The Future: The Direction of Bipartisanship Within Congress Continued Gridlock and Partisanship Within Congress: Presidency of William Jefferson Clinton (D) (1993 – 2001): Antiquities Act of 1906 – Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument (1.3 Million Acres of Utah Canyons Preserved) Executive Order – 60 Million Acres of Federal Lands Preserved
25	The Future: The Direction of Bipartisanship Within Congress – Continued 2000 Presidential Election: Bush vs. Gore Environmental Policies of George W. Bush – 2003 Federal Budget and the Superfund Program May 24^th, 2001 – U.S. Senator James Jeffords (R-Vermont): Temporary Change In Senate Landscape Congressional Elections of 2004: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): Senate Amendment 168 – March 16^th, 2005 48 Republicans and 3 Democrat Nay Votes 42 Democrats and 7 Republican Yea Votes
26	Conclusions The Condition of the Environment Impacts All Congressional Districts and States, Spurring Members of Congress to Work Together for the Benefit of Their Districts Roll Call Votes for Each Legislative Measure Revealed Bipartisanship Within Congress at a Period of Time When Federal Policy Was Shifting Under the Auspices of President Ronald Reagan (R) (1981 – 1989)
27	Thank You For Your Time, and I’ll Be Glad To Answer Any Questions You May Have